Multicultural Psychology

Human beings all over the world are characterized by unique belief systems, perceptions, and attitudes towards life which can be collectively referred to as culture. These different cultures have been found to significantly influence virtually all fields of life especially psychological studies (Hall, 2009). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various efforts have been made to understand the different cultural orientations. Psychological researchers have investigated culture in relation to psychology resulting in the development of a new field in psychological studies known as multicultural psychology. This research paper provides the definition of multicultural psychology as well as its historical development. It also examines the rationale for the establishment of multicultural psychology as a subspecialty of psychology. The society has always bee n faced with the challenge to understand the different cultures that are practiced by mankind. There has been need to establish a specific field in psychology to provide explanation of these notable differences. Multicultural psychology refers to the systematic investigation, analysis and assessment of human behaviors as they are experienced in surroundings where people of different cultural backgrounds interact (American Psychological Association, 2003). This field is mainly concerned with the understanding of the cultural differences in various aspects of day to day life experiences. These include but not limited to the various thought processes, acceptable versus unacceptable behaviors, and ‘normal’ versus ‘abnormal’ behavior orientations in life. Multicultural psychology has helped in identifying a person within different cultures and also to facilitate interaction between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. In the United States, for inst ance, people from different parts of the world (immigrants) came together to form the present day America. Despite their varying cultures, these people must encounter each other in their day to day life activities. Multicultural psychological researchers, therefore, must take into consideration the aspect of culture during their investigations. Multicultural psychology is one of the most recent and dynamic fields in psychology and has been identified as a crucial component in understanding the role of culture in psychological studies. Over the past 30 years, the study of culture (racial and ethnic) minority issues in the field of psychology has grown to what can now be seen as a significant and dynamic subspecialty in the context of American psychology. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multicultural psychology is currently considered as the ‘fourth force’ in psy chological studies after the much advanced behavioral, psychodynamic theories, as well as the humanistic approach to psychology (Hall, 2009). Understanding of its historical development is essential. Multiculturalism can be traced to the Civil Rights Movement that started in 1964 in the United States since this event provoked a new way of regarding the people who were initially considered inferior (Hall, 2009). Minority ethnic groups were demanding for equal treatment especially on shelter, education, and employment opportunities. The study of psychology was also affected by this transformation in the society since every field was then culturally diverse yet mutually operational. Prior provisions that guided the practice of psychology were not culturally sensitive until some psychologists pushed for the necessary changes. It was not until the beginning of the 21st century that notable changes were effected. In 2002, the APAs â€Å"Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of C onduct† were revised to include the diverse cultural issues (APA, 2003). The American Psychological Association has also established specific provisions for the enhancement of multicultural psychology (2003). There are several reasons why it was necessary to develop multicultural psychology as a unique field of study. With the development of the 2002 guidelines for multicultural psychology, this field has made significant progress as a subspecialty of psychology. Many people in the United States with different cultural backgrounds can interact mutually since they have come to appreciate the fact that the society is multicultural. Groups of people and organizations have their uniquely identifiable belief systems, values, practices, and norms that define them. The understanding of these differences facilitates healthy interactions between people. Moreover, the earlier approaches of studying psychology employed scientific dimensions in understanding human behavior. However, with the emergence of multiculturalism, a lot of emphasis has been put on culture. Subsequent psychologists have not ignored the aspect of culture in their studies. Culture is a very broad concept and some of the variables include: race, ethnicity, gender, sex, and class. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The broadening of perspective of psychological research to include cultural considerations has helped in the elimination of stereotype tendencies. Most of the earlier studies did not consider culture in selecting the participants which implied that the conclusions that were made were not inclusive. Multiculturalism, therefore, has helped in addressing serious problems that could not be dealt with by earlier researchers. Furthermore, the world is increasingly becoming globalized as people continue migrating resulting in multicultural societies. The de velopment of multiculturalism as a subspecialty of psychology has made it easy in conducting investigations in these diverse societies. In fact, psychology is a broad discipline dealing with human behavior in general and hence the need to develop multicultural psychology as an independent field. Understanding the differences that exist among people will also make it easy to provide appropriate interventions for the problems that psychologists face. Multiculturalism has helped in the alleviation of hatred and discrimination (APA, 2003). This subspecialty can be seen as enhancing the fields of psychology since cultural differences are viewed as part of humanity. Individual human beings need to be identified with a unique culture which shares the same interpretations and meanings of life experiences. This implies that psychological researchers must take cultural differences into consideration when carrying out their studies (Hall, 2009). The introduction of multiculturalism, particul arly in the United States, has enriched virtually all psychological investigations. From the above discussion, it is evident that multicultural psychology is crucial in the development of the broad field of psychology. It has significantly helped in understanding human behaviors from a cultural perspective where people with different cultural backgrounds co-exist. Individuals or groups have unique cultures and should be respected as such instead of being discriminated as inferior or otherwise disregarded. This field has a very recent historical background but it has proved to be a notably dynamic field of study. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also very important to acknowledge that multicultural psychology has brought numerous benefits on the society as well as the field of psychology in general. We can conclude, therefore, that multicultural psychology is a dynamic subspecialty of psychology that is transforming the way of looking at cultural diversity, particularly in the study of human behaviors. References American Psychological Association (2003). Guidelines for multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. Journal of American Psychologists, 58, 377–400. Hall, N. G. C. (2009). Multicultural psychology (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall This research paper on Multicultural Psychology was written and submitted by user Brayden Meadows to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A List of 100 Examples of Sweet Similes

A List of 100 Examples of Sweet Similes This list of 100 sweet similes (that is, figurative comparisons concerned with the quality of sweetness) has been adapted from an even larger collection in A Dictionary of Similes by Frank J. Wilstach, first published by Little, Brown, and Company in 1916. Although students should have no trouble understanding most of these similes, they may find them a bit old-fashioned or too poetic. If so, encourage them to create some of their own using more contemporary subjects for comparison. Sweet as odorous white lilies are. (Oscar Fay Adams)Sweet as a nut. (Anonymous)Sweet as a rose. (Anonymous)Sweet as a sugar plum. (Anonymous)Sweet as a vial of rose oil. (Anonymous)Kiss as sweet, as cool fresh stream to bruised and weary feet.  (Anonymous)Sweet as a honey bee.  (Anonymous)Sweet as honeysuckle.  (Anonymous)Sweet as lilies in May.  (Anonymous)As sweet as springs first song heard in the groves retreat. (Anonymous)Sweet as sugar.  (Anonymous)Sweet as the harmonies of spring.  (Anonymous)Sweet as the perfume of roses.  (Anonymous)Sweet as the solemn sounds of cherubs, when they strike their golden harps.  (Anonymous)Sweet as that which is forbidden.  (Arabic)Sweet as the last smile of sunset. (Edwin Arnold)Sweet as the honeyed dews that drip from the budding lotus-flower. (George Arnold)Sweet and calm as is a sisters kiss. (P. J. Bailey)Sweet as the infant spring. (Scottish ballad)Sweet as the joy which sorrow hushes. (Honorà © de Balzac)Sweet as new wi ne. (John Baret)Sweet as applause to the actor. (Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher) As sweet as April. (Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher)Sweet as the moonlight sleeping on the hills. (Sir William S. Bennett)Sweet as the light of the stars. (Robert Hugh Benson)Sweet as the look of a lover saluting the eyes of a maid. (Ambrose Bierce)Sweet, as when winter storms have ceased to chide. (William Cullen Bryant)Sweet as the dewy milk-white thorn. (Robert Burns)Sweet as matrimony. (Robert Burton)Sounds sweet as if a sisters voice reproved. (Lord Byron)​Sweet as May. (Thomas Carew)Sweet as the song of the wind in the rippling wheat. (Madison Cawein)Sweet as pity. (Hartley Coleridge)Sweet as the whispered breeze of evening. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)Sweet as the hopes on which starvd lovers feed. (Sir William Davenant)Sweet as some immeasurable rose, expanding leaf on leaf. (Aubrey de Vere)Sweet as are the orchards, when the fruit is hanging ripe. (Paul Laurence Dunbar)Sweet as the murmur of the brook and the rustle of the corn. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)Sweet as the rosy morn in May. (George Granville) Sweet as a youthful poets dream. (Charles Gray)Sweet as the harps that hung by Babels stream. (Judah Halevi)Sweet as summer days that die when the months are in the bloom. (Will Wallace Harney)Sweet as tropic winds at night. (Paul Hamilton Hayne)Sweet as the blossoms of the vine. (Robert Herrick)As sweet as dewy turf to wayworn feet. (Emily H. Hickey)Sweet as a meadow at noon. (Katherine Tynan Hinkson)Sweet as the dawn star. (Oliver Wendell Holmes)Sweet as the first snow-drop, which the sunbeams greet. (Oliver Wendell Holmes)Sweet as honey. (Homer)Sweet as scarlet strawberry under wet leaves hidden. (Nora Hopper)Sweet as the hills. (Richard Hovey)Sweet as a rosebud crowned with moss. (Victor Hugo)Sweet as music. (Victor Hugo)Sweet as the twilight notes of the thrush. (Helen H. Jackson)Sweet as jasmine. (Jami)Sweet as blue heavens oer enchanted isles. (John Keats)Sweet as love. (John Keats)Sweet as a cat with syrup in its paws. (Vaughan Kester)Sweet as mountain honey. (Charles Kingsle y) Sweet as the sigh of the spring gale. (Letitia Elizabeth Landon)Sweet . . . as the sad spirit of the evening breezes. (Emma Lazarus)Sweet as the sound of bells at evening. (Richard Le Gallienne)Sweet as a bell in the woods. (Amy Leslie)Sweet as morning dew upon a rose. (Thomas Lodge)Sweet as the cadence of a poets song. (John Logan)Sweet was her breath as the breath of kine that feed in the meadows. (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)Sweet as heavens image in an unrippled lake. (George W. Lovell)Sweet as summers showers. (George MacHenry)Sweet as first love. (Gerald Massey)Sweet as first spring violets. (Gerald Massey)Sweet as Eden. (George Meredith)A secret sweet as songs of dawn / That linnets sing when mists are gone. (Richard Monckton Milnes)Sweet as the sweetest song of bird on summers eve. (D.M. Hervey)Sweet as Angel accents. (James Montgomery)Sweet as every-day sunshine. (John Muir)Sweet, like an angels sigh. (Mary R. Murphy)Sweet, like a silver whistle. (Ouida [Marie Louise Ramà ©] ) Sweet as violet-borders growing over fountains over-flowing. (Ambrose Philips)Music sweeter than the sweetest chime of magic bells by fairies set a-swinging. (Thomas Buchanan Read)Sweet as smiles to the lips that are pale. (Abram Joseph  Ryan)Sweet as the dew-drops that fall on the roses in May. (Abram Joseph Ryan)Sweet as the dreamings of the nightingales. (Charles Sangster)Sweet as damask roses. (William Shakespeare)Sweet as a summer night without a breath. (Percy Bysshe Shelley)Sweet as if angels sang. (Percy Bysshe Shelley)Sweet as a childs heart-lightening laugh to hear. (Algernon Charles Swinburne)Sweet as rest. (Algernon Charles Swinburne)Sweet as running streams to mens way-wearied feet. (Algernon Charles Swinburne)Sweet as forgiveness. (Algernon Charles Swinburne)Sweet as when earth was new. (Algernon Charles Swinburne)Sweet as the voice of a mountain brook. (Arthur Symons)Sweet as childrens prattle. (Pamela Tennant)Sweet as new buds in spring. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson)Sweet as the apple-blossoms. (Celia Thaxter) Sweet as the music of Apollos lyre. (Celia Thaxter)Sweet as the early pipe along the dale. (William Thomson)Sweet as the dawn star. (Wilbur Underwood)Wild and sweet as regret. (Marie Van Vorst)Sweet as the faint, far-off, celestial tone of angel whispers, fluttering from on high. (William Winter)Sweet as the lips that once you pressed. (William Winter)

Major Case Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D Study

Major Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D 814 (MO. Banc 2007) - Case Study Example In his termination, the City of Maryland Heights maintained that he was not in a position to carry out some essential tasks of his job as he began to suffer from complications that occurred from the accident. He was provided with an option of taking an early disability retirement to avoid termination. However, upon refusal to exercise the option, the City of Maryland Heights terminated him. The physical problems experienced by Daugherty started shortly after he commenced working as an officer in Maryland heights after an accident caused by a drunken truck driver while on duty supervising an accident scene. The accident caused him serious back injuries that kept him from working for over twelve months. However, he later resumed his active duty. After approximately twelve years later, Daugherty was promoted to be a captain. Shortly after the promotion, Daugherty did not attend several months of work as a result of complications from his previous back injury. Later, in 2002, the City of Maryland Heights required that Daugherty should undergo an examination of his health status to determine if he was fit for his duty. The deputy Chief of the Police for the City of Maryland Heights created a memorandum to be used in the evaluation of Daugherty health status, emphasizing on what he believed to be essential for Daugherty’s job. The memorandum was created using both the City’s official description as well as the Deputy Chief’s personal beliefs about what was required of an employee in the position of Daugherty, many of which were very demanding than those listed in the in the official description. However, other officers in the department testified that the position of Daugherty was viewed as a supervisory position. Thus, it was highly unlikely that Daugherty would ever experience a situation that would require strenuous physical activity. The report provided by the physician stated that Daugherty was not able to perform any duty listed in the memo randum. Finally, the City of Maryland heights terminated Daugherty’s employment. Upon learning of the decision to terminate him, Daugherty made an appointment with his supervisor to discuss the decision. However, unknown the supervisor, Daugherty decided to make an audio recording of the conversation between him and the supervisor. In the conversation, the supervisor stated that the City of Maryland Height’s administrator had an intention of getting rid of employees over 55 years old since their salaries were very costly to the City. Daugherty received the right-to sue letter from the Missouri Commission of Human Rights and brought suit in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County. He alleged that his termination was as a result of his age and disability. Daugherty appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court that reversed the decision of the lower courts. The Laws violated in the case The legal backgrounds provided by the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) render it unlawful for an employer to terminate an employee from employment because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, or national origin. Therefore, an employee who believes that the employer has violated the MHRA must file a complaint with the commission. Final verdict of the Court In the Daugherty v, City of Maryland Heights, case number 231 S.W 3D 814 (Mo. 2007) the Missouri Supreme Court acknowledged that the discrimination safeguards under the MHRA are not

Why it is necessary for HR practitioners to monitor the external macro Essay

Why it is necessary for HR practitioners to monitor the external macro environment - Essay Example The business environment is made up of many such factors that can affect the business in the shot and long term both. Therefore it is important to know and study about these factors and evaluate the changes and their impact on the organization. The external environment is made up of the all the forces present outside the organization that affects or has the ability to affect business’s ability to achieve its objectives. The external business environment is broadly categorized as the micro and macro external environment, the paper focuses on the external macro environment therefore we will discuss about that in detail. External Macro Environment: The external macro environment is made up of factors which are beyond the control of the organization. These include the PESTEL (political, economic, social, environmental and legal) factors. These factors are interlinked and cannot be distinct from each other easily. The effects these factors have on the businesses vary business to bu siness and from time to time. The effect of changes in the macro environment over the business is indirect, that is it affects the business through some changes. However the change in business doesn’t affect the environment in return. ... However the changes in the environment that affects the business occur constantly and they are difficult to predict. (BATES. 2005; KROON. 1995) When we speak about environment and its relationship with human resource management it refers to the combination of factors that influence the working and execution of the HR department. Any function of the organization, as mentioned earlier, cannot work in isolation and are interdependent on a lot of factors internally within the organization and outside the organization too, therefore for smooth operations and decision making it is essential to take into account of these factors which can influence HR polices, procedures and practices. The best framework to study the external macro environment, its components and how they affect the functioning of HR department is by the PESTEL analysis. I will further discuss the possible factors that lie in the PESTEL analysis and influences the HR function. Economic Factors: Economic environment is compo sed of many economic factors like populations, fluctuation in economic and trade cycle, national income, labour market conditions, interest rates and globalization of economy. This is the most important of all the factors prevailing in the environment that affects an organization the most including the HRM function. This could be made evident by the scenario for e.g. when company’s performance in well due to the boom in the trade cycle, it will attract more business and due to increase in business it may need to hire more labour from the market and it might face difficulty in hiring the required labour from the market. To serve the purpose the organization may be willing to pay extra compensations

Cognitive component Essay Example for Free

Cognitive component Essay The cognitive component of SWB involves making judgments of one’s life: either satisfaction with life as a whole, or satisfaction with life domains such as work, family, leisure, health, and finances (Prince, Prince 2001; Diener et al. , 1999). It can be viewed as how you think about your life (in contrast to the affective component: how you feel about your life). In this study, the cognitive component means the way the elderly perceive, think and assess their life and their beliefs and attitude toward life, world and God. Campbell (1976) suggested that individuals judge their objective situation in each of various life domains according to standards of comparison based on aspiration, expectations, feelings of what would be just, reference group comparisons, personal needs, and personal values. Domain-satisfaction provides useful information about with which aspects of life an individual may be happy or unhappy, but cannot be summed to give an overall impression of life satisfaction. This would mean that it is necessary to assess overall satisfaction with life, as well as life domains (Susan Hird, 2003). An idea that has long captivated writers is that how we perceive and think about the world determines our SWB. In the area of SWB, researchers find that one can dampen or amplify one’s emotions by what one thinks, and thereby experience more or less intense emotions (Larsen, Diener, Croponzano, 1987). This approach relies on the standards of the individual to determine what is the good life and the personal choices the person make at the moment (Diener, 1984). People might increase their SWB by control of their thoughts. For example, perhaps SWB can be increased by believing in a larger meaning or force in the universe. Support for this proposition comes from findings showing that on average religious people are happier than nonreligious people (e. g. , Ellison, 1983; Myers, 1992, cited in Diener et al. , 1997). The study explored how the elderly think about their life or what thought processes, beliefs and attitudes predominantly helped the elderly to experience a sense of well-being at this point of their lives. Affective Components (Affect Balance) It is the second component or construct of SWB, which corresponds to what we generally understand as happiness. According to (Prince, Prince 2001) affect is thought of as how happy or unhappy you are. It results from a balance between positive affect and negative affect (Christopher, 1999). As it has been already indicated, when we appraise how much we appreciate the life we live, we estimate our typical affective experience to assess how well we feel generally, which is referred to here in the study as affective component. In summary, the affective component can be thought of as how you feel about your life (Susan Hird, 2003). Suh Diener (1997) observed that feeling pleasant emotions most of the time and infrequently experiencing unpleasant emotions, even if the pleasant emotions are only mild, is sufficient for high reports of happiness. Although people report being above neutral in mood the majority of the time (Diener Diener, 1995), intense positive moments are rare even among the happiest individuals. Instead happy people report mild-to-moderate pleasant emotions most of the time when alone or with others and when working or at leisure. One thing is clear, that people need to understand that intense experiences are not the corer stone of a happy life (Diener, 2000). Mood and emotions are called ‘affect’, and there is contradictory evidence as to whether ‘pleasant affect’ and ‘unpleasant affect’ form two independent factors and should be measured separately, or whether they are interdependent (Diener et al. , 1999). The amount of difference between momentary pleasant and unpleasant affect is still debated, but the separability of long-term affective dimensions is less controversial. Diener and Emmons (1984) found that unpleasant and pleasant affect become increasingly separate as the time frame is increased (Diener et al. , 1999). In the case of the institutionalized elderly, the study examined the affective component in general, mainly how they felt generally about their lives that helped them experiencing a sense of well-being in their lives. As indicated by Christopher (1999), it is this second aspect of SWB that corresponds to what we generally understand as happiness and it results from a balance between positive affect and negative affect.

White collar crime :: essays research papers

Welcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the Whitewater and Travelgate business ventures. Although the two have not been formally charged with any wrongdoing, there is a committee currently investigating their dealings and charges are not out of the question for either of them. In Michael Isikoff’s and Mark Hosenball’s Newsweek article â€Å"Cracks in the Wall,† they describe the Clintons’ dealings with Whitewater and the possible consequences of them: â€Å"The Senate Whitewater committee is considering asking for perjury charges against Susan Thomas and Maggie Williams, Mrs. Clintons’ chief of staff, in connection with her testimony about the removal of documents from Vince Foster’s office† (Isikoff 29). This case goes to show that there presently a growing problem with our country, and it is called white collar crime. White collar crimes are very numerous in kind. New ones are always being invented by someone with a good scam. Embezzlement, tax evasion, and fraud are some of the more popular kinds. A person who has the power of controlling money in a business is most likely commit embezzlement. A shortened definition of embezzlement is â€Å"to steal money that is entrusted to Phillips 2 one.† This is one of the fastest rising crimes in the nation. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, embezzlement rose thirty eight percent from 1984 to 1993 (U.S. Dept. of Justice 239). Forgery is another growing form of white collar crime. This is defined as the act of imitating or counterfeiting documents or signatures for the purpose of deceiving someone. Forgery also shows the same growth trends as embezzlement. From 1984 to 1993 forgery and counterfeiting increased twenty-one percent (U.S. Dept. of Justice 240). Bogus ads, job scams, and telephone scams are all examples of fraud. Basically these scams ask you to send money for something that is non-existent. An example of a telephone scam would be if someone called to ask for donations for a phony organization or charity. White collar crime :: essays research papers Welcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the Whitewater and Travelgate business ventures. Although the two have not been formally charged with any wrongdoing, there is a committee currently investigating their dealings and charges are not out of the question for either of them. In Michael Isikoff’s and Mark Hosenball’s Newsweek article â€Å"Cracks in the Wall,† they describe the Clintons’ dealings with Whitewater and the possible consequences of them: â€Å"The Senate Whitewater committee is considering asking for perjury charges against Susan Thomas and Maggie Williams, Mrs. Clintons’ chief of staff, in connection with her testimony about the removal of documents from Vince Foster’s office† (Isikoff 29). This case goes to show that there presently a growing problem with our country, and it is called white collar crime. White collar crimes are very numerous in kind. New ones are always being invented by someone with a good scam. Embezzlement, tax evasion, and fraud are some of the more popular kinds. A person who has the power of controlling money in a business is most likely commit embezzlement. A shortened definition of embezzlement is â€Å"to steal money that is entrusted to Phillips 2 one.† This is one of the fastest rising crimes in the nation. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, embezzlement rose thirty eight percent from 1984 to 1993 (U.S. Dept. of Justice 239). Forgery is another growing form of white collar crime. This is defined as the act of imitating or counterfeiting documents or signatures for the purpose of deceiving someone. Forgery also shows the same growth trends as embezzlement. From 1984 to 1993 forgery and counterfeiting increased twenty-one percent (U.S. Dept. of Justice 240). Bogus ads, job scams, and telephone scams are all examples of fraud. Basically these scams ask you to send money for something that is non-existent. An example of a telephone scam would be if someone called to ask for donations for a phony organization or charity.

Compare and contrast the 1963 and 1990 version of ‘Lord Of The Flies’ Essay

In this essay I will be compare and contrast the 1963 and the 1990 version of ‘Lord Of The Flies’. I will be exploring the two films to see which is better at helping students to understand the central theories of Golding’s original novel. Peter Brook’s version was made in 1963, had a British cast and was filmed in black and white. He took an assembly of schoolboys to the Caribbean island of Vieques for three months and then got them to act out the book with very little direction from Brook himself. This may be because he wanted the film to look realistic and not staged. Harry Hook’s American, technicolour version was produced in 1990 and included characters who were not in the original novel. There are a number of differences between the two films. In the ‘Lord Of The Flies’ novel, Golding makes sure that no adults are present, aside from the dead parachutist. However in the 1990 version, a fatally ill pilot is present amongst the children. We are also never told about the boys’ homes or past in the book, whereas in Hook’s version the boys gossip about Jack’s military record and the time he drove off in an army car. At the beginning of Hook’s version, the boys are all members of the Sea Cadets and therefore are familiar with each other whereas in Brook’s version, the boys are meeting each other for the very first time. Nearing the end of the 1963 version, the chants used at Simon’s death are from the original novel, ‘kill the pig, cut his throat, spill his blood’. Conversely in Hook’s version they recite chants that are remembered from their training at the Cadets. The beast is a major theme in Golding’s original novel. It is the manifestation of the boys’ innermost fears of the evil that resides inside themselves. The video versions treat the beast in different ways. In Hook’s version the idea of a beast is introduced through Jack as he is telling stories around a campfire. In Brooks’ version, the little boys with the birthmark introduces the beast, saying he has seen a monster in the jungle. Both films portray Ralph as a good-looking, tall boy. This is why the children warm to him and elect him leader, whereas Jack, whose is ‘ugly without silliness’, is overlooked. This is an issue in everyday life where good-looking people are more socially accepted than ugly people. An example of this is how magazines always display attractive models. Towards the end of both films, Ralph is being hunted like a pig as the boys set fire to the island hoping to corner him. As soon as he reaches the beach the naval officer appears, showing a sign of authority. At the beginning of both films Ralph is admired by the boys, but slowly loses respect through his inability to offer the same fun as Jack does. This shows that children overlook maturity and responsibility when there is an option to have a good time. Jack is represented in the same way in both films. He shows anger and impatience from the start of the film. When he fails in his attempt to challenge Ralph for leadership, his thirst for power overflows as he sets up his own tribe. His tribe is of a dictatorship nature and refer to Jack as the chief, obeying his every command. Hook’s film shows Jack turning savage faster, wearing more face paint than in Brook’s version. Piggy’s unfortunate quality are the subject of the other boys’ scorn; his asthma, fatness and poor eyesight, with his glasses being a visual symbol. They are symbolic of man’s insight or lack of it, where there are no rules of society to control behaviour. Piggy is not afraid to express his opinions, but is never taken seriously because he is fat, short sighted and has a different accent. These qualities add up to someone who fails to fit in with the rest of the boys. Ralph, however, is tall, fair, and good-looking, speaking in a cultured way (the same as the others). Nevertheless Ralph does not possess the real brains that Piggy does, which causes his downfall and lets Jack get away with murder. From this, one is led to believe that humans are shallow and fail to look beyond the visual exterior of man. Simon is depicted as the silent boy in both films. He is likened to Jesus and is killed, just as Jesus died on the cross. The new technology available in 1990 made Hook’s version gorier. Simon never finds the courage to express his thoughts and emotions, and therefore is looked upon as an outsider like Piggy. The human mind needs to be constantly nurtured to prevent it from turning against others. Children need a higher figure to maintain peace and harmony, ensuring them that their biggest fears are in fact figments of their imagination (for example monsters under the bed). When there is no higher authority, undeveloped minds do not think of others. They do not live their lives considerately. Instead, they act on their instincts and are quick to blame an outsider for their own fears. This is how the beast becomes an issue on the island, as even the older boys begin to doubt their common sense. Rather than rationally thinking the problem out, the boys begin to fear this imaginary beast. The only boy that realises the truth is Simon, who understands that the beast is the boys’ inner fear, physically manifested. Authority is also a major issue in both films, more so in Hook’s version, where the boys lose sight of civilisation quicker. The conch is symbolic of the law and is used to call order in the beginning. However as the boys are replaced by their savage primitive selves, the conch loses all significance. The smashing of the conch shows the crumbling of the walls of society. The two films are aimed at similar audiences, both children and adults alike. Brooks’ version was appropriate for its time and so lacked the elements of the modern film. Hook’s version showed effects that were relevant to modern times, which made it more appealing to children in society today. The language in both films had to be different to appeal to the target audience. For example, in Brooks’ version Piggy calls Jack and his tribe, ‘a pack of painted niggers’. This would be deemed as racist in society today. In the same way, Hook’s version uses words of profanity that would have been unacceptable in 1963. Both directors have used different technical effects in their film versions of the novel, such as camera angles, music, make up/costume, photography/lighting and direction. Brooks used music at the crucial points of the films. When Simon died, religious music was played to make the audience think of holy things. Brooks’ version contained not much stage direction, as he wanted the film to appear realistic and not staged. However there were not many camera angles. More mid shots and less angle shots were taken. In 1963 there wasn’t the technology to filter light. Brooks’ version used make up well. The savages were easily distinguishable from Ralph’s group, and the war paint on Jack’s tribe was realistic, as if natural. The music used in Hook’s version was sincere and genuine. The music was dramatic and the mood changed throughout the film. At the start it was jolly as the boys were only just discovering the island, whereas near the end the music was reflective upon all the destruction the boys had caused. At the time of Simon’s death, a low, mournful type of music was played while as Piggy died, silence reigned. This gave the audience the impression that the death of Piggy symbolised the complete destruction of civilisation. It gave them a chance to think about how the boys had gone from mindless games to murder. Stage direction were used in accordance to the novel and was therefore noticeably better. Due to technology a wider variety of camera angles were used. There were many close-ups of the war paint on the savages, truly showing how society had crumbled. Mid shots signified the passing of time. Subjective shots were taken during Ralph’s chase, which led to the effect that Ralph was the only sane boy left being chased by savage brutes. In Hook’s version the lighting was clear. He was able to control the amount of light he wanted cast onto each individual scene, which was not possible during the time of Brooks’ film. The fact that the film was in colour added to the effect on the costume and the blood on the hunters. The effects mentioned above help us to understand and interpret the novel. They tell us about time passed on the island and the gradual deterioration of the boys’ sense of law and order. I have concluded that Brooks’ version of the film would be more helpful for students of the text. His film was made only nine years after the book was published and therefore used the same language of the period. Hook’s version was made in 1990, and was vastly different. Society had greatly changed in forty years. The language used was completely different. The American actors meant that the vocabulary used was different from the novel. This film contained many characters that were not in the original novel, which could have led to confusion for students studying the text. Brook’s version showed more relevance to the script. The events occurred in the same sequence as the book. Children of today would have found Hook’s version more entertaining, seeing as there was more blood, gore and profanity. However it would not aid them in the study of the text as much as Brook’s version could.